Children's Consultation and Participation

Participation of children and young people in decisions about their lives is an essential part of growing up and if done well it enhances children’s safety and well-being and improves services designed to support and protect them. In the world of social care it is often happening in complex and emotionally charged situations. To be done well it requires a commitment at all levels of an organisation to reflect on and promote:

• Positive attitudes to children;
• Skills at communicating;
• Financial resources;
• Commitment to developing services which support children’s participation, such as advocacy and participation services;
• Honest consideration of what expectations are of what can be achieved and what the level of willingness is to change existing services and decisions in response to children’s views.

The Local Authority is actively seeking to ensure children and young people are consulted about decisions and processes that affect them. The Munro Review made clear that what is important to children and young people is ‘reliability, honesty and continuity’. The Local Authority is committed to ensuring that children and young people are informed about what is happening to them and promotes opportunities to contribute to what is happening. The aim is to share and practice positive approaches to effective communication and learning through active listening. The Local Authority is committed to both speaking and listening clearly, purposefully and honestly with children and young people.

The Local Authority seeks to consider identity, diversity, culture, sexual orientation, language, disability, delayed speech, low confidence and trust in all its interactions with both children and adults.

The Local Authority seeks to ensure that children’s views are understood and taken into account as part of ensuring that their rights and entitlements are met.

Children, including those who communicate non-verbally, are supported to actively participate in decisions about their lives. They will be sensitively helped to understand when it may not be possible to act on their wishes and why other action is taken that is in their best interests. Children have access to, and are actively encouraged to involve, an independent advocate and, where appropriate, an independent visitor (see Advocacy and Independent Visitors Procedure).

Children can identify a trusted adult who they can talk to about any concerns, who will listen to them, take their concerns seriously and respond appropriately.

Every member of our staff is committed to seeking and recording the views of every child they work with. They will also record the decisions that are made and the influence that the views of the child/young person have had on those decisions. Where decisions are made that are different from or contrary to the views of the child or young person this will be clearly recorded with the reasons for the decision clearly explained.

In addition, the Local Authority will ensure that systems are in place to support formal consultation with young people’s groups and will seek to aggregate individual issues and concerns so that managers may consider the impact that current services have on young people. This information may be used to inform future developments.

At Norfolk County Council we have a variety of methods for consulting with and gathering feedback from children and young people. One of the main methods is via existing groups. These are:

• The six Norfolk In Care Council (NiCC) locality groups;
• Members of the youth parliament (MYPs);
• The young carers forum;
• The Dragons (disabled real action group of Norfolk);
• Youth Advisory Board (YABs);
• School Councils.

Each of these groups has the additional responsibility of consulting with other young people from either their experiential or geographic communities. This ensures that the greatest number of voices can be heard and the widest possible collation of feedback gathered.

Each consultation or feedback gathering exercise is time limited and clearly states its duration enabling participants to understand when the results are available. It will also state where the results can be found or how they can be accessed.

Each consultation result will be fed back to the relevant decision making body, for example for LAC this will be the Corporate Parenting Board. Any impact on decisions taken or any actions taken by decision makers based on the results and/or findings of feedback and consultations with service users will also be available via the relevant website or from frontline staff.

Much has been written on the benefits and barriers to participation in matters that affect them. In brief the benefits for children and young people are:

• Having a safe space to reflect on the events that have brought them into contact with Social Care;
• The opportunity to give their version of what has happened to them and to say what they would like to happen in the future;
• The sense of empowerment that comes from being listened to and seeing what one has said making a difference to what happens;
• The possibility of having their concerns and issues dealt with at an early stage, which could have an immediate impact for them in terms of how they identify their ‘quality of life’;
• The opportunity to have explained to them what is happening in the present moment and what is likely to happen in the future and what will be done to keep them (and their siblings) safe.

For parents/carers the benefits of children’s participation can be:

• The opportunity (perhaps for the first time) to hear their children’s views about what has happened and what they want to change;
• A model of communicating that may improve their relationship with their child(ren).

For professionals and organisations offering services to children and young people the benefits can be:

• Reinforcement of a focus on the child’s safety and wellbeing;
• A self auditing tool;
• The greater likelihood of effective engagement with the Plan by the child / young person themselves;
• A focus for all professionals to work from.

There are a number of barriers to participation. Broadly speaking these are:

• Structural - complex procedures and lack of clarity about responsibilities; too many changes of personnel;
• A lack of clarity about what participation is or confusion over how it will be addressed and a lack of clarity about what it can and cannot change and what it should deliver for the child, the family and the organisation;
• Competence - staff lacking in experience or having an inability to effectively communicate with children, or children of a particular age or from a particular culture;
• Capacity - a lack of time (e.g. staff too overwhelmed by other pressures) or other resources required to enable participation, thus ‘rushing’ or making it a ‘box ticking’ exercise;
• Inadequate plans that fail to be clear about who will be responsible for ensuring participation;
• Children’s behaviour - can be misinterpreted and sometimes causes a barrier for professionals and carers. Those seeking to engage often need a variety of tools / methods and patience/space to deal with this to promote engagement;
• Children themselves can become disinterested and disengaged because of delays;
• Children are far more spontaneous and their timescales are far shorter;
• Professionals need to ensure that children have a variety of times, people, places and approaches to participation available to them (i.e. seeing children on their own, allowing time after traumatic events).

The Local Authority has a number of formal processes for seeking the Participation and consultation of children and young people. Staff, carers, managers and others who come into contact with children are encouraged and enabled to see each and every interaction as a potential opportunity to develop trust and confidence such that children and young people feel able to confide and state their views and preferences in matters that affect them.

The most important means of encouraging and enabling participation by looked after children and young people in decisions that affect them and their lives remains the relationship with their Social Worker and other significant professionals and adults in their lives.

Enabling children and young people who have not previously had opportunities to express their views is demanding and can be challenging work that requires creativity, empathy and resilience on the part of the worker. Consultations need to be planned for, reflected on and, if necessary, returned to in order that children and young people are given every opportunity to express their views.

In order for them to express views about matters that affect them it is also vital that children and young people are in possession of information and have experiences that enable them to make informed choices.

If participation is not possible or is restricted for whatever reason, steps should be taken to ensure those affected are informed of decisions as soon as practicable after they are made, and an explanation for the decision given, together with the opportunity to make a comment and express their views.

If it is then felt that a different decision may have been appropriate, steps should be taken to reconsider the decision.

If decisions are made against people's wishes, they should be informed of the decision and the reasons for the decision should be explained. In these circumstances, the person should be informed of any rights they have to formally challenge the decision, and of the availability of the Complaints or Grievance Procedure (see Complaints and Representations Procedure).

Sometimes children and young people express their preferences through their behaviour rather than through words i.e. by running away or by having tantrums. It is important to attempt to see beyond the behaviour and to try to see what the child or young person is trying to express. (Note: that where children have returned home from having run away, the ‘return’ interviews should be conducted by an independent person who has been trained to undertake this. See Children who go Missing from Home or Care Procedure.

Finally, children and young people should be made aware of the systems and processes available to them if they wish to raise concerns or complain and what, if any, other forms of redress may be available to them if things go wrong.

Managers must ensure that social workers and/or staff have the time and resources available to them to ensure the effective participation of children and young people.

Managers should:

• Use supervision to consider issues relating to the Voice of the Child in ongoing cases;
• Check that records show where and how the Voice of the Child has been sought, what was said and how the child’s wishes have been responded to and, if not, why not;
• Review, on a regular basis, the various methodologies whereby children’s views are sought;
• Review complaints or concerns raised by children and young people and what actions have been taken to address these;
• Review compliments to build on this;
• Consider how representative issues raised by children and young people are in relation to such issues as gender, culture, sexuality and disability;
• Ensure processes designed to aggregate issues raised by children and young people are in place and are routinely being used;
• Ensure processes are in place whereby it can be fed back to both individual children and the wider group what changes have been made as a result of issues raised.

1. Children and young people can be involved in the development of services through the Norfolk in Care Council (NiCC).
   
   The Norfolk In Care Council (NiCC) operates on a locality based model. Each of the six locality NiCC groups are split into two sessions, one for under eighteen year olds and another for over eighteen year olds, enabling children and young people to attend monthly meetings close to where they live. Whilst the emphasis is on the residential unit practitioner or foster carer to provide transport, where this is not possible we will provide transport to ensure no child or young person is excluded from participating. Young people, Independent Reviewing Officers, social care staff, foster carers, and teachers can all refer children and young people via a simple accessible form or by speaking to the child’s social worker. It is deemed the responsibility of all professionals working with looked after children and care leavers to promote the NiCC and to facilitate the child or young person joining if they express a desire to do this.
   
   All members of the 12 locality groups are invited to quarterly countywide NiCC meetings. Where they can share the work they have undertaken, identify any areas of work they wish to adopt on a countywide level and feedback directly to the Director and the elected member leads for Children’s Services. Other senior managers are invited to attend on an ad-hoc basis if a discussion or item would be beneficial to both managers and the NiCC members;

2. Children and young people can also be involved in:
   1. Recruitment;
   2. Training;
   3. Commissioning;
   4. Development and evaluation of resources;
   5. Contribution to service annual reports;
   6. Attending appropriate decision making meetings.
      
      Norfolk County Council ensures that the opportunity to be involved in these additional activities as advertised via the locality NiCC groups, the foster carers hub, the placement team to external providers, the independent reviewing officers and via the LAC and CL teams. Where needed, training is given and children and young people are well supported throughout each event in order that they feel comfortable, confident and secure in what they are undertaking. Where there is an additional need, for example due to a disability, we will ensure that all sessions are accessible by providing additional support and/or resources to enable them to participate.
3. Looked After Reviews and other Meetings (see Looked After Reviews Procedure).
   
   Every Review and/or meeting relating to a child’s case is an opportunity for children and young people to participate in their Care Plan and arrangements;
4. Advocacy and Independent Visitors (see Advocacy and Independent Visitors Procedure).
   
   Advocates and Independent Visitors support and assist children and young people to participate in the services offered;
5. Support to children who have communication difficulties see also Children and Young People Aged 0-25 with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities Procedure.
   
   Support and specialist services to children who have communication difficulties will always be offered. For children for whom English is not their first language a translator should be considered to enable the child to contribute. For children with communication difficulties as a result of physical or learning disabilities people who can use whatever medium of communication is most helpful to the child will be used;
6. Social media.
   
   Increasingly children and young people are becoming confident users of social media such as Facebook, texting, X (formerly known as Twitter) and other apps. We see this as an opportunity for enabling children and young people to participate in decisions about their life whether by texting their IRO or by using social media applications;
   
   We are also in the process of implementing MOMO (mind of my own) an app especially designed to gather feedback from children and young people accessing specific services, these include:
   1. The multi-agency safeguarding hub (MASH);
   2. Looked after children (LAC);
   3. Those who have cases held by our leaving care teams (CL);
   4. Early help;
   5. Children with disabilities (CWD).
7. Children and young people are provided with contact information for both their worker, team manager and the independent reviewing officer to enable them to text if they have any concerns or wish to pass on feedback both positive and negative.
   
   The NiCC website, once upgraded, will also provide an online process where children and young people in care can email feedback directly to their locality NiCC. The website also contains an online consultation document which can be used for their statutory reviews.

Legislation, Statutory Guidance and Government Non-Statutory Guidance

SEND complaints: Guide for Young People Aged 16 to 25 in Education - A guide for young people on how to resolve special education needs and disability (SEND) disagreements.

Useful Websites

IRISS: Frameworks for Child Participation in Social Care - An article which provides some interesting evidence based on research completed into children's participation.

Council for Disabled Children - Provides useful resources for disabled children and young people.

NDTi - Works with children/young people and communities to influence change in the community in terms of inclusion. Particularly relevant to transitions.